见证纪念汾酒荣获巴拿马万国博览会甲等大奖章100周年

???? ?? ???????? (?????????: Atmosphere of Earth) ????? ?? ??? ??, ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??, ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??, ?????????? ????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ??, ???? ???????? (????????? ??????) ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ??, ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? (??? ?? ?????? ???????)?
???? ?????, ????? ??? ??? 78.09% ?????????, 20.95% ??????, 0.93% ?????, 0.04% ????? ?????????, ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??, ???? 1% ??????? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ??? 0.4% ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???-??? ?????? ?? ????-????? ????? ??, ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ?????????? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ???
??????? ?? ??? ???? ???? 5.15×1018 ????????? ??, ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? 11 ???????? (6.8 ???, 36,000 ????) ?? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????, 100 ??.??. (62 ???) ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? 1.57%, ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? 120 ???????? (75 ???) ?? ???? '?? ????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???????????? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???
???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????????? ??? ??? ?????? (???????) ???? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???[1]
???????? ?? ?????
[????]?? ??? ??, ????-???? ??? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???????, ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ??, ??? ??? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ???? ?? (????? ?????? ?? ??? ????)? ?????? ?????? / ???? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ??, ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???, ???? ?? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? (?????? ?????????? ???????????? ???? ????? ??)? ????????? ??? ??? ??, ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ??, ?? ?? ??????????, ????????????, ????????? ??? ????????? ???[2] ????? ??? ????? ??? ???????, ??? ???? ?????? ??:
- ?????????: 700 to 10,000 km (440 to 6,200 ???)
- ?????????: 80 to 700 km (50 to 440 ???)[3]
- ?????????: 50 to 80 km (31 to 50 ???)
- ????????????: 12 to 50 km (7 to 31 ???)
- ??????????: 0 to 12 km (0 to 7 ???)[4]
???? 7 ??? 4 ???? ????
[????]???? ???????? (??? ???? ?? ??????) ???? ??? ???? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???? ??, ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??? ?????????? ????? ??? ?? 2017 ???, ?????? ???? ????????, ?? ????????? ???????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ??, ??? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ???[5][6]
?????
[????]- ↑ M. Vázquez; A. Hanslmeier (2006). Ultraviolet Radiation in the Solar System. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-4020-3730-6.
- ↑ Zell, Holly (2025-08-07). "Earth's Upper Atmosphere". NASA (in ????????). Retrieved 2025-08-07.
- ↑ Randy Russell (2008). "The Thermosphere". Retrieved 2025-08-07.
- ↑ "The height of the tropopause". Das.uwyo.edu. Archived from the original on 2025-08-07. Retrieved 2025-08-07.
- ↑ St. Fleur, Nicholas (19 May 2017). "Spotting Mysterious Twinkles on Earth From a Million Miles Away". New York Times. Retrieved 20 May 2017.
- ↑ Marshak, Alexander; Várnai, Tamás; Kostinski, Alexander (15 May 2017). "Terrestrial glint seen from deep space: oriented ice crystals detected from the Lagrangian point". Geophysical Research Letters. 44 (10): 5197. Bibcode:2017GeoRL..44.5197M. doi:10.1002/2017GL073248. Retrieved 20 May 2017.